FEATURED ARTISTS & PHOTOGRAPHERS

WILLIAM ROBERTS R.A (5 June 1895 - 20 January 1980)

William Roberts was an English painter and war artist. He was a founder member of the influential Vorticist Group, a powerful recorder of the front-line battles of the First World War, and a unique observer of the foibles and activities of Britain at leisure over almost fifty years. In 1922–6 he was commissioned to produce illustrations and decorations for Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom including this pencil drawing of S.F. Newcombe.

SFN by William Roberts R.A.

"In 1920 Colin Gill, who had been a fellow-student at the Slade, sent me a note saying 'Colonel Lawrence is seeking artists to make portrait drawings for a book he is producing; get in touch with him.' I wrote to Lawrence and as a result I contributed several portrait drawings to 'Seven Pillars of Wisdom,' besides a painting of Lawrence in his Royal Air Force uniform. He sat for this portrait (the Lawrence portrait) in a room I was using at Coleherne Terrace, Earl's Court. Sometimes if I was late for our meeting I found him sitting on the dark stairs that led to my temporary studio. He lent me during several Summers his small woodman's cottage at Clouds Hill in Dorset."

From William Roberts, Five Posthumous Essays and Other Writings (Valencia, 1990).

JOHN MANSFIELD CREALOCK, R.H.A (12 March 1871- 12 January 1959)

SFN by John Crealock R.H.A

This fabulous oil painting by the artist John Mansfield Crealock was painted in 1938 when Newcombe was sixty-years-old and working on proposals for what may be called a bi-nation state in Palestine, with limited and controlled immigration and absorption of Jews according to the physical and economic capacity of the country. 

Newcombe argued and lobbied this position to whoever in authority would listen. He set up committees to counter-balance the Zionist message, gaining access to high level ministers of state including the Prime Minister. He submitted his evidence to the Palestine Royal Commission, invited guests sympathetic to the cause to the Royal Central Asian Society Dinner Club, of which he was Honorary Secretary, and wrote articles for magazines and periodicals such as The Empire Review under the auspices of the Palestine Information Centre, where he also held the post of Honorary Secretary.

In this portrait Crealock has captured Newcombe's grey hair although there is still a hint of red to his familiar moustache, as well as a touch of humour shown in his eyes.

T.E. LAWRENCE (16 August 1888 - 19 May 1935)

January 1917. Newcombe, having just landed at Umlej, raced to catch Lawrence for the advance on Wejh. Lawrence’s diary records “At 1:15 Newcombe arrived with Mohammed Ali El Beidawi on a horse and joined the party.”

Newcombe appears in this photograph reproduced in Oriental Assembly emerging from, or disappearing into, a scrub of short palms alongside a well trodden sandy path at Semna. A copy of the photo is held by the Imperial War Museum - IWM (Q 58856).

"Our road to-day was easy for them, since it was over firm sand slopes, long, slowly-rising waves of dunes, bare-backed, but for scrub in the folds, or barren palm-trees solitary in the moist depressions. Afterwards in a broad flat, two horsemen came cantering across from the left to greet Feisal. I knew the first one, dirty old blear-eyed Mohammed Ali el Beidawi, Emir of the Juheina: but the second looked strange. When he came nearer I saw he was in khaki uniform, with a cloak to cover it and a silk head-cloth and head-rope, much awry. He looked up, and there was Newcombe's red and peeling face, with straining eyes and vehement mouth, a strong, humorous grin between the jaws. He had arrived at Um Lejj this morning, and hearing we were only just off, had seized Sheikh Yusuf's fastest horse and galloped after us." Seven Pillars of Wisdom

SFN at SEMNA, 1917 by T.E. Lawrence

"To-day had a grey weather, so strange after the many thronging suns, that Newcombe and I walked stooping to look where our shadows had gone, as we talked of what I hoped, and of what he wanted. They were the same thing, so we had brain-leisure to note Semna and its fine groves of cared-for palms between little hedges of dead thorn; with here and there huts of reed and palm-rib, to shelter the owners and their families at times of fertilisation and harvest. In the lowest gardens and in the valley bed were the shallow wood-lined wells, whose water was, they said, fairly sweet and never-failing: but so little fluent that to water our host of camels took the night." 

Lawrence photographed Newcombe disappearing into a palm-grove, perhaps for a private moment, at an oasis named Samnah (Semna by TEL). This was where Feisal had camped after leaving Wadi Yanbo on the first stage of the march north to Wejh. Newcombe had raced across a broad sand flat which gradually rose to a rough lava field, its roughness smoothed over by an infill of soft sand and therefore made easier to cross, before descending as a sand-cliff to the verdant sanctuary whose palms were the outward indication of numerous wells and an abundance of water. Even so, the throng of men and animals rode a little higher up the further valley slopes in case of floods before Feisal tapped his camel lightly on its neck. At this signal she collapsed her legs under her and sank to the ground, pushing aside the shingle with her knees to make it more comfortable. Then the hearth carpet was spread and coffee prepared while the men jested, told stories or planned the next move. Then the scouts were sent out to seek rain-pools on the road ahead and to determine tomorrow’s route-march. Beyond Arabia

ELLIOTT & FRY PHOTOGRAPHERS 

Newcombe in retirement, by Elliott and Fry

Elliott and Fry Photographers had been taking photos of sitters since 1863. By the mid 1930's, when this portrait was taken, it operated out of three studios and employed a number of photographers. It is probable that this image of Newcombe was taken by Walter Benington as both photographer and sitter were living in Oxford at the same time. This is Newcombe at the time of Lawrence's death.  

UNKNOWN PHOTOGRAPHER, January 1917

Newcombe descending from HMS Hardinge
with Commander Linberry looking on

This photo shows Newcombe descending from HMS Hardinge at the small coastal town of Umlej with Commander (Acting) T.J. Linberry looking on. It marks the moment that Newcombe first arrived in the Hejaz in January 1917. 

Commander Thomas John Linberry was born in India in November 1882 and served during the Great War as acting Commander of HMS Hardinge as part of the Red Sea Patrol. Linberry is mentioned a number of times in Lawrence's Seven Pillars. He is credited with being a great supplier of Naval hospitality. Lawrence recounts the following report of one King's view of heaven:

"In the early days of the revolt it had been the Hardinge which had been given leisure to play providence to us. Once, at Yenbo, Feisal had ridden to the port from the hills on a streaming day of winter, cold, wet, miserable and tired. Linberry had sent a launch ashore, and invited him to the ship where he had found a warm cabin, a peaceful meal, and a bath made ready for him. Afterwards he lay far back in an armchair, smoking one of his constant cigarettes, and remarked dreamily to me that he now knew what the furnishing of heaven would be."

Linberry was also commended for his service in transporting the Holy Carpet (the Kiswah) from Cairo to Mecca. The yearly transport of the Carpet, the highly decorative covering of the Kaaba in Mecca, together with an escort of four hundred troops and a sacred white camel, required the Hardinge to be specially refitted to carry the important cargo. At the completion of the work, and with a full cargo of over six hundred and fifty troops, fifty seven horses, twenty six mules and three camels, the journey from Suez took two days, and included a customary twenty one gun salute on arrival. As part of her precious cargo, the Hardinge carried gold and silver for Sherif Hussein's Arabian Government amounting to £250,900, the equivalent of £10,000,000 today.

Newcombe auction results

On Wednesday 19 March 2014 Bonhams held an auction of T.E. Lawrence and Stewart Newcombe related items with an impeccable provenance direct from the Newcombe family. A wonderful result was realised with the very first lot (139) which sold way above the estimate. The whole collection realised £196,874. I was present at the preview at Bonhams on the Sunday before the sale and the Newcombe/Lawrence collection was well presented and obviously a star attraction among a wide-ranging and diverse set of important lots relating to Captain Cook, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll, Elizabeth 1, Shakespeare, Shelley, Churchill, Christy Brown, E.M. Forster and many others.

Newcombe's field notes

I found the Newcombe field notes packed full of interest and it was a real pleasure to spend time with them. The lot consisted of two Army Field Service Correspondence Books—issued to British Army Officers to record their activities, enemy positions and deployments, etc.—a larger note book used as a diary, mostly for the month of July 1917, and a wealth of loose papers including letters to Lawrence and other fellow officers. The price they eventually realised is proof of the continuing interest in T.E. Lawrence and with the added appeal of the Newcombe story that is only now being revealed.  All but one lot realised on or above its top estimate, with the field notes exceeding expectations and with only Lot 149 (The Mint) not reaching its lowest estimate of £4000 and not selling.

I am grateful to Mr Simon Roberts of the Books, Maps, Manuscripts and Historical Photographs Department for referencing this website in the auction catalogue for background information on Newcombe’s life. 

Here are the auction results:

Lot 139

LAWRENCE, NEWCOMBE and THE ARAB REVOLT

Original field books and other papers kept by Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart Francis Newcombe during operations to destroy the Hejaz Railway in 1917, mostly July 1917.

Sold for £104,500 (€124,657) inc. premium 

NOTE: This was well above the estimated price of £20,000 to 30,000 

Lot 140

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Autograph letter signed (".L."), to Colonel S.F. Newcombe ("Dear S.-F."), apologising yet again for being a bad letter-writer, 16 February 1920: IN THE EYES OF "THOSE WHO KNOW" I FAILED' – LAWRENCE OF ARABIA ON HIS OWN LEGEND

Estimate £4,000 - 6,000 

Sold for £13,750 (€16,402) inc. premium 

Lot 141

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Autograph letter signed ("E.L." and "L."), to Colonel S.F. Newcombe ("Dear S.F.N."), apologising for being such a bad correspondent: 'YOU CAN'T MAKE WAR UPON REBELLION' – LAWRENCE OF ARABIA ON IRELAND'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE, All Souls College, Oxford, 16 November [1920]

Estimate £1,000 - 1,500 

Sold for £2,750 (€3,280) inc. premium 

Lot 142

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Autograph letter signed ("TEL."), to Colonel S.F. Newcombe ("Dear S.F.N."), complaining of the brutal behaviour of France as a colonial power in the Middle East, Amman, 8 November 1921

Estimate £1,000 - 1,500 

Sold for £4,375 (€5,218) inc. premium 

Lot 143

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Autograph letter signed ("TEL."), to Colonel S.F. Newcombe (Dear S.F.N."), announcing his enlistment and discussing portraits for Seven Pillars, 15 October 1922

Estimate £2,000 - 3,000 

Sold for £4,750 (€5,666) inc. premium 

Lot 144

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Seven Pillars of Wisdom, a triumph, SUBSCRIBERS' EDITION, ONE OF 170 COMPLETE COPIES, S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, [Privately Printed] for the Author by Manning Pike and H. J. Hodgson, 1926

Estimate £30,000 - 40,000  

Sold for £50,000 (€59,644) inc. premium 

Lot 145

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

The Odyssey of Homer, [translated by T.E. Lawrence], LIMITED TO 530 COPIES, PRESENTATION COPY FROM T.E. LAWRENCE TO HIS GODSON, STEWART LAWRENCE NEWCOMBE, Emery Walker, Wilfred Merton and Bruce Rogers, 1932

Estimate £4,000 - 6,000  

Sold for £5,625 (€6,710) inc. premium 

Lot 146

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Autograph letter signed ("T.E.S."), to Colonel S.F. Newcombe ("Dear S-F"), making contact again after a long interval, Myrtle Cottage, Hythe, 22 June 1932

Estimate £600 - 800  

Sold for £1,750 (€2,087) inc. premium 

Lot 147

LAWRENCE BY KENNINGTON

Memorial photograph of Eric Kennington's bust of Lawrence of Arabia, taken in a dramatic raking light against a pitch dark background, signed and dated in the month of Lawrence's death by the artist ("Eric H. Kennington/ May 1935"), May 1935

Estimate £600 - 800   

Sold for £1,062 (€1,267) inc. premium 

Lot 148

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

A Letter from T.E. Lawrence to His Mother, S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, NUMBER 22 OF 12 ON BARCHAM GREEN MEDWAY PAPER, FROM AN EDITION OF 30 COPIES, Corvinus Press for Mrs Lawrence, August 1936

Estimate £2000 - 3000   

Sold for £3,750 (€4,473) inc. premium 

Lot 149

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

The Mint. Notes Made in the R.A.F. Depot Betwen August and December 1922, and at Cadet College in 1925. By 352087 A/c Ross, FIRST EDITION, NUMBER 4 OF 10 COPIES 'FOR SALE', FROM AN EDITION OF 50, A.W. LAWRENCE AND S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, Garden City, Doubleday, Doran, 1936

Estimate £4,000 - 6,000

NOT SOLD

Lot 150

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Crusader Castles, 2 vol., S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, Golden Cockerel Press, 1936

Estimate £500 - 700   

Sold for £1,000 (€1,192) inc. premium 

Lot 151

HART (LIDDELL) and RONALD STORRS

Lawrence of Arabia, S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, NUMBER 73 OF 70 ON BARCHAM GREEN MEDWAY PAPER, Corvinus Press, 22 May 1936

Estimate £600 - 800   

Sold for £1,125 (€1,342) inc. premium 

Lot 152

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

The Diary of T.E. Lawrence 1911, S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, NUMBER 160 OF 130 ON PARCHMENT SUBSTITUTE PAPER, Corvinus Press, June 1937

Estimate £800 - 1200   

Sold for £1,500 (€1,789) inc. premium 

Lot 153

LAWRENCE (T.E.)

Secret Despatches from Arabia, S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, NUMBER 638 OF 970 COPIES, 1939; Men in Print, NUMBER 301 OF 470 COPIES, 1940, Golden Cockerel Press (2))

Estimate £600 - 800   

Sold for £937 (€1,118) inc. premium

Under the hammer

Without the personal donation to the Imperial War Museum (IWM) of Major Herbert Garland’s papers by his late daughter, Mena, the latest publications on the 1916 Arab Revolt in the Hejaz, and of T.E. Lawrence’s participation in particular, would have been bereft of fresh and exciting information that has undoubtedly added to our understanding of the minutiae of the war in the desert as well as bringing out of the shadows a little known personality that has since joined the ranks of Lawrence’s desert raiders in his own right. The matter of Colonel Stewart Newcombe’s books and papers going under the hammer at Bonhams on 19 March 2014 has also raised the hope that an academic establishment or library such as the Huntington Library in California or ideally the IWM in London might stump up to purchase the papers in order for future researchers to be able to benefit from their public accessibility. At a list price of somewhere between £20,000 – 30,000 plus buying costs, the collection of papers from two Army Field Service Correspondence Books, incorporating Newcombe’s Hejaz diary as well as carbon copies of letters, does not come cheap.

Like Mena Garland, Lawrence was also keen to support the IWM and personally donated several items during his lifetime. The story behind Lawrence’s photographic collection at the museum is an interesting one and illustrates the complex and often fraught negotiations that he encountered when in the year before he died he attempted to make a donation of prints and negatives taken during the Hejaz campaign. During these final months of his life we also see how Lawrence’s fame continued to be a burden to him in ways that will resonate with the lives of modern celebrities.

A repository for war
In the process of researching and writing the biography, ‘T.E. Lawrence’ In Arabia and After, Captain Basil Liddell Hart had gathered together a large collection of negatives and photographs of the desert campaign in the years leading up to the publication of his book in March 1934. These had been personally donated by Lawrence who also assisted in the content of the book in a series of question and answer letters and in private conversations between subject and writer. Shortly before publication Liddell Hart raised the question of what to do with the collection which had grown in size over a period of sixteen years since the end of the war. Liddell Hart suggested placing them with the Imperial War Museum, which had moved in 1924 from its original site in the Crystal Palace to its then current location in two galleries adjacent to the Imperial Institute on Exhibition Road, South Kensington. Lawrence, who knew the Curator, Charles J. ffoulkes, and had often visited the Museum at its Crystal Palace address, proposed making a final decision after the book went to press.

Lawrence’s earliest meeting with ffoulkes can be traced back to Oxford University when Lawrence was a student attending lectures given by ffoulkes, an acclaimed expert on mediaeval armour and weapons. ffoulkes went on to become Curator of the Tower Armouries in 1913, and in 1917 was appointed the first Curator and Secretary of the National War Museum, established with Cabinet approval in the midst of the Great War as a record of the nation’s effort and sacrifice. By the time the Museum was formally opened in 1920, the ‘National’ element had been dropped in favour of the more far-reaching ‘Imperial’ description in recognition of the supreme contribution to the war by Britain and her Empire.

Lawrence’s friendship with another museum personality, Edward T. Leeds, Assistant Keeper at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, produced a significant collection of letters spanning many years. In a letter to Leeds dated 15 December 1917, written from Cairo, Lawrence exclaimed, ‘Commend me to ffoulkes...I’ve got a trophy he would like for his War Museum.’ This was a regular Lee Enfield .303 rifle (SMLE) that possessed quite a history. It had originally been taken by the Turks from the British at Gallipoli, one of four rifles taken as war booty, as the inlaid gold Turkish lettering damascened onto its receiver chamber indicates. It was subsequently acquired by Prince Feisal – one of the four sons of Sherif Hussein of Mecca who each received a rifle - who in turn presented it to Lawrence. It is inscribed on the stock T.E.L. 4.12.16, presumably the date he received it, and in time he cut five notches near the magazine, each denoting a Turk killed. Originally, he was trying to get Zeid’s rifle for the Museum (Hussein’s fourth son), while Abdullah’s had been presented to Ronald Storrs, the Oriental Secretary of the British Agency in Cairo. After the war, Lawrence presented his rifle to H.M. King George V who in turn gifted it on loan to the Museum, as originally proposed by Lawrence.

A remarkable gilt bronze wreath that Kaiser Wilhelm II had placed on the tomb of Saladin in Damascus and was later ‘looted’ by Lawrence, ‘as Saladin no longer required it’, was also bequeathed to the IWM. It was left to ffoulkes to fend off complaints from anonymous letters threatening Lawrence and himself for this piece of iconoclasm when photos of it appeared in the press.

On the evening of 11 November 1918, on the day the Armistice was signed, Lawrence, Leeds and ffoulkes met for a quiet meal in the Union Club. In nearby Trafalgar Square the crowds kept up their revelry and high-spirits. As Leeds recalled, it was ‘a night of conversation never to be forgotten.’

Images of war
When Liddell Hart’s book was published in March 1934 it generated renewed interest in Lawrence as well as the inevitable intrusion from the ‘press-hounds’. Questions were raised by the title of the book, with the press alerted to a further mystery by the inverted commas placed around Lawrence’s name causing considerable speculation as to what was Lawrence’s ‘real name’. Both author and subject had ridden close to the wind on their decision to make a point out of the fact that ‘Lawrence’ had as much claim on his identity as had Ross or Shaw. It would simply take a determined look through Debrettes to make the connection between Sir Walter Raleigh and the Chapman family of Ireland and thus unravel the family secret. The publicity surrounding the publication of Liddell Hart’s book also renewed interest in a film project based on Revolt in the Desert, adding to Lawrence’s anguish over his impending retirement.

By early May Lawrence was writing, ‘I’m tired. I want to get away and be at peace, so badly. That is what defeat means.’ This state of depression could have easily overwhelmed him if it was not for the solace of Clouds Hill, a ‘hushed green place, noisy with birds only, and fertile only with weeds.’ This is where his books were, twelve hundred of them, each read at least once and worth reading again, and a gramophone to play music on. It was to be his refuge, a sanctuary from fame.

The Lawrence Collection that Liddell Hart was instructed by Lawrence to deposit with the IWM in 1934 consisted mainly of those photographs relating to the war years in the desert campaign spanning the years 1916 to 1918 and originating in the Hejaz in support of the Arab Revolt initiated by Sherif Hussein of Mecca in order to overthrow Ottoman control, with Damascus as its ultimate goal. Other photographs were taken before the war and others during the 1921 Cairo Conference. The complete collection at this time amounted to a little over 1500 negatives and plates.

On 15 March 1934, Captain A.J. Insall, a former RFC officer and latterly Keeper of the IWM Photographic Archive, went personally to Liddell Hart’s London residence at 60 Gloucester Place to collect the photographs. Despite the increasingly cramped conditions of its South Kensington location, the Museum was extremely pleased to take receipt of such a significant and historically important gift. However, before they could plan to do anything with it there were a few points of ownership to consider, at least while Lawrence was still alive. A standardised assignment form drawn up by the Treasury to clarify ownership of gifts and copyright was sent through Liddell Hart to Lawrence for his signature.

The following day, Insall sent Liddell Hart a personal note of thanks ahead of a more formal appreciation from his Trustees adding, ‘If the opportunity offers will you please tell Col. Lawrence how grateful the Trustees are, though he will no doubt not wish to have any fuss made about it’. Before matters could be finalised it seems a clause in the assignment form was causing some confusion - the setting of a value of £500 on the collection with full reproduction rights. As Liddell Hart was quick to point out, there were ‘a number of American millionaire collectors who would be willing to give a sum exceeding £500 for this collection’.

A man called Lawrence
While the conditions of the loan of the photographic collection were being clarified, Lawrence was dealing with the delicate matter of an imposter who was presenting himself as the Colonel around London. This extraordinary story had been brought to Lawrence’s attention by Liddell Hart himself. Lawrence brought up the subject in a letter to Liddell Hart dated 17 May 1934: ‘Now about this other bloke - If you see the blighter do rub into him that I never have signed myself as Lawrence since 19 twenty something. He is years out of date. In fact he doesn't sound the right sort of man at all. Do you feel that I ought to do something?’ 

In fact, an obvious solution had already occurred to Lawrence who realised he could shift the expense of any possible legal action onto the charitable trust he had set up to administer the copyright of his book Revolt in the Desert. One of the Trustees was a solicitor, Edward Eliot, who Lawrence had consulted over changing his name to Shaw. As he explained to Liddell Hart: ‘My trouble is that I cannot well risk legal expenses: but Eliot might feel able to assume that a 'T. E. Lawrence' in being today was an infringement of his trust property, for the Revolt Trust owns the property in that name. If so, he could ask the bloke to stop his games, and charge his trouble to the fund. I'd pay a small bill, up to 3 or 4 pounds, but couldn't risk the promising of more. Will you send on the suggestion (or perhaps this note) to Eliot and see if he can square his conscience to the idea?’ Lawrence’s realisation of his predicament was acute: ‘Failing Eliot, I can't think of anybody else who would do - unless you tell the Daily Express of the existence of a bogus Colonel L.! That would properly boil it.’ 

It seems that this was not the first time that the legend of Lawrence of Arabia had played into the hands of unscrupulous individuals, many of them women, who threatened him in writing to reveal that they had been taken advantage of in some way. Letters of this sort often resulted in Lawrence calling in the police when the accuser grew too urgent in their demands. In this case, however, no letter had been sent, ‘so I can't well do that, now... can I?’ he said.

With Edward Eliot on board and the Trust financially behind the operation, the matter of Lawrence’s imposter resolved itself in less than a month. On the 13 June 1934, a trap was set in the offices of a company on the Strand in London who had been duped into believing the imposter, a commercial traveller named George Henry Rogers, was Lawrence. At a time when it was known Rogers would be there, Lawrence - who had travelled up especially from Southampton - Eliot and a couple of policemen entered and confronted the startled man. The next day, Lawrence informed Liddell Hart of the successful conclusion to his dilemma. ‘I was in London for a few hours yesterday: with Eliot and two Bow Street experts we interviewed Rogers, my imposure, and persuaded him that he was not me. To my relief, he agreed at once.’ With his sense of humour intact, Lawrence added, ‘Had he stuck to his statements I should have begun to question myself.’

Eliot demanded that Rogers list all the people he had deceived. The hapless man reeled off a list and stammered that he had never attempted to do anything dishonest and held Lawrence in the highest respect, always trying to live up to his name. A signed confession ended the matter.

Lawrence thanked Liddell Hart for his help in bringing the matter to his notice. ‘He was a little worm of a man,’ he recalled. ‘Comically enough, he has been under observation as a case by the specialists of a mental institution, still under my former name. We arranged for him to write to his various victims, and explain that there had been a personation.’ Clearly, Lawrence was not in the least impressed by his imposter: ‘I am not flattered at the thought that he got away with it successfully. An obviously feeble creature with the wrinkling face of a chimpanzee.’

During the run-up to unmasking the imposter, Liddell Hart had visited Lawrence who was seeing out the last few months of his RAF service based at the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment, Felixstowe, although in reality he was never there for very long, having a roving brief to oversee the construction and testing of high speed rescue vessels. Among other matters, Liddell Hart discussed the assignment form. After Lawrence read the copyright clause he flatly refused to sign anything that would give away his rights to the collection and further would not allow any photographs to be reproduced during his lifetime without his specific permission, although he was quite willing for the Trustees to deal unreservedly with the collection after his death. There the matter lay for the time being.

Meanwhile, Insall pushed ahead with the collection in hand and on 10 July 1934, he was at last able to inform Liddell Hart that he had had the bulk of the Lawrence prints mounted and they were now ready for inspection. He hoped that both Liddell Hart and Lawrence could spare the time to amplify some of the pencil notes on the back of the prints into accurate photo captions, especially as some of them were in Arabic. Aware of Lawrence’s self-imposed exile from the public gaze he promised to undertake ‘not to make any fuss of him’. With Lawrence’s workload and impending exit from the RAF it was unlikely he would put in an appearance, especially as his closest friends had been waiting patiently in line to catch a glimpse of the Mystery Man of Arabia, of Southampton, of Bridlington, of anywhere for a little while.

A change of mind
With the copyright clause remaining unresolved, it was a letter to the Museum from a representative of the German educational publishing company, B.G. Teubner of Leipzig, which threw up the question of reproduction rights once again. At the end of November, Teubner were seeking permission to obtain illustrations for use in their new edition of the short publication, ‘With Colonel Lawrence in the Arab Revolt’, first published in 1932. Johanna von Giehrl approached the Museum to seek permission from Lawrence through his intermediary Liddell Hart to reproduce up to six of his photographs. ‘We, of course, would be ready to pay a fee of the usual amount,’ she wrote. Anticipating problems, she asked if it was at least possible to obtain prints so that their own illustrator could use them to get some idea of desert scenery. Lawrence’s reply to Insall was quick and decisive: ‘I see no useful purpose in making it any more attractive for German children to read about my supposed exploits, and so I have asked Captain Liddell Hart to tell the lady that I do not wish any of my photographs to be used in the ways she suggests. Perhaps it will save further correspondence if you take this as my attitude in every case, without submission? I have no wish that anyone should use any of these photographs, at any rate during my lifetime. I regret their being ever shown to enquirers.’ It seems that Lawrence was having second thoughts.

The Curator of the Museum responded in the only way he could under the circumstances, although he was clearly aggrieved by the way the whole matter had escalated: ‘Our only wish is to carry out your instructions,’ he wrote to Lawrence, ‘...we have consulted Captain Liddell Hart throughout.’ After agreeing that the Museum will permit no further use of the photographs or show them to anyone without Lawrence’s express permission, Insall was further irritated by the next letter that landed on his desk directly from Lawrence dated 13 December 1934. Lawrence expressed his gratitude for the Museum’s assurances but went on to say: ‘I’ve kept those photographs quiet for some years, and what with film companies and things, the need for quiet continues!’ Lawrence gave Insall his permanent address at Clouds Hill, ‘which you should probably note in case questions arise,’ before delivering the final blow with a typical Lawrentian flourish: ‘and I shall confidently hope that you’ll never have occasion to write to me.’

If his reply to the Museum was a little terse then undoubtedly Lawrence was feeling the strain now that the end of his RAF service was looming. With only a few weeks to go until he retired, the thought of cutting himself adrift was playing heavily on his mind. Insall wrote to Liddell Hart explaining Lawrence’s decision but was clearly frustrated himself and proposed to place ‘the whole box of trick in the strong-room.’ Before such drastic action further clarification was needed and Liddell Hart was asked once again to seek a definitive ruling as to the ultimate disposal of the collection. Even he was unclear as to Lawrence’s intentions and batted the question back to Insall: ‘Is it merely that he does not want them used, or that he does not even want them shown?’ The question hung in the air until the last day of the year when Insall replied that he had locked them away and would not let anybody see them unless they come with very clear instructions from Liddell Hart or Lawrence himself. As to the ownership of the collection, Insall felt that the only way forward was to sit tight and let the future look after itself. Rather presciently he wrote: ‘The point that had occurred to me was the possibility of some relation claiming them in the event T.E.S. blowing himself up in one of his motor launches.’

Liddell Hart, rising to his role as intermediary, wrote to the museum saying that he would contact Lawrence again to clarify the sticking point as he understood that the last thing the Museum wanted was to have a largely unusable goldmine on its hands, especially as Lawrence-related items had proven to be a big draw in the years following the Armistice. However, the problem would soon solve itself, although not in the manner Insall had imagined.

A perfect freedom
As the clock ran down on his RAF duties, Lawrence sent off a flurry of letters on 31 December from his room at the Ozone Hotel in Bridlington including this to Liddell Hart: ‘For myself, I am going to taste the flavour of true leisure. For 46 years have I worked and been worked. Remaineth 23 years (of expectancy). May they be like Flecker’s, ‘a great Sunday that goes on and on.’ If I like this leisure when it comes, do me the favour of hoping that I may be able to afford its prolongation for ever and ever.’

On 13 May 1935, after enjoying an all too brief period of leisure, Lawrence flew over the handlebars of his powerful Brough motorbike after narrowly avoiding a full-scale collision with two errand boys on bicycles who he suddenly encountered upon entering a dip in the road leading to his cottage. He died six days later.

A Legacy
The T.E. Lawrence Photographic Collection at the Imperial War Museum is a goldmine of images not just from the war in the desert but of Ottoman and Arabian life in general. Eighty years after it was first donated to the museum it continues to be a valuable resource for anyone interested in the history of the war and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the development of the region and the preservation of its traditions and customs. Today the collection includes photographs taken not just by Lawrence but also by many of his colleagues, including Clayton, Newcombe and Garland, as well as professional photographers from Palestine and the American Colony Hotel in Jerusalem. Many of the images depict the fellowship of the revolt - what Lawrence described as ‘the sweep of the open places, the taste of the wide winds, the sunlight, and the hopes in which we worked’. In image after image there is depicted the morning freshness of the world-to-be, while history reminds us that there was a greater force waiting in the wings to thank them kindly and take their victory to remake in their own kind of peace, a peace that continues to echo down the ages with the message that ‘youth could win, but had not learned to keep: and was pitiably weak against age’. But even the peacemakers of 1919 could not have foreseen the future, nor control it if they had.

LINKS
For information on the Lawrence and Newcombe related items going under the hammer at Bonhams on 19 March 2014 see: Lawrence and Newcombe at auction

Or go to: www.bonhams.com

The Imperial War Museum London is currently closed to visitors until 19 July 2014 when a transformed IWM London will reopen in time for the Centenary of the First World War. Research facilities remain open.

Newcombe and Lawrence at auction

Red Morocco leather with
Arabesque motif

Bonhams are holding an auction of Newcombe and Lawrence related items on 19 March in London. These include Newcombe's copy of the privately printed Seven Pillars of Wisdom plus field notes from the Arab Revolt describing raids against the Hejaz Railway.

Newcombe's copy is described as: Seven Pillars of Wisdom, a triumph, SUBSCRIBERS' EDITION, ONE OF 170 COMPLETE COPIES, S.F. NEWCOMBE'S COPY, [Privately Printed] for the Author by Manning Pike and H. J. Hodgson, 1926

The lots include known letters from Lawrence to Newcombe and privately printed editions of The Mint, Crusader Castles, Men In Print, the Diary of T.E. Lawrence 1911, and Secret Dispatches from Arabia. A handsome collection from the family. Bonhams have referenced this blog for background information although there are one or two assumptions in their notes that do not match the evidence that I have found in my research. 

I am sure that the continued interest in Lawrence, the biography of Newcombe and the centenary of the war will help push along the bidding. 

Further details can be found at www.bonhams.com

Mena Garland 1919 - 2013

Mena Garland on her 90th birthday

I have received news that Major Herbert Garland's daughter Mena Garland (married surname O'Connor) passed away in Newport, Rhode Island, at 4am on Saturday morning aged 93. 

Mena was Herbert's sixth child and was born in Cairo on 17 November 1919 during his brief tenure as the Director of the Arab Bureau and editor of the final issues of the Arab Bulletin. See: Bimbashi (Major) Herbert Garland's story in An Oriental Assembly 

After long periods of ill-health brought on by the rigours of desert warfare Herbert Garland died from an aortic aneurism less than sixteen months after Mena was born, leaving scant record of the circumstances of his death. Remarkably, it took his daughter more than 80 years to discover her father's final resting place in an unmarked grave in the English town of Gravesend on the south bank of the Thames. Today that grave has the following inscription: “LOST BUT FOUND IN 2004”, a poignant reminder of the long journey taken by Mena to find the father she barely knew but who she wished to restore to his rightful place in the history of the desert campaigns of the First World War alongside Stewart Newcombe and T.E. Lawrence. It was a journey that ultimately helped reconnect the various strands of Herbert's family and renew worldwide interest in the career of the man recently called Lawrence's brother-in-arms. 

Bimbashi Herbert Garland

Regrettably, Mena was unable to read my entry on Herbert Garland for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography which is due to be published later this year, but she always showed a deep interest and appreciation of the entries in this blog that mentioned his exploits. 

See also: A young man's near miss!