In the Shadow of the Crescent: Mena Garland 1919

INTRODUCTION

Colonel Stewart Francis Newcombe was already a legend in the deserts of Arabia before he was joined in Cairo during the early months of the First World War by a a remarkable team of Middle Eastern specialists. One member of this group was T.E. Lawrence who went on to achieve worldwide fame. Colonel Newcombe's story, like those of other unsung figures in the Anglo-Arabian narrative, has been eclipsed by the legend of ´Lawrence of Arabia´, and has languished in the dusty recesses of regimental records, government files or in the elliptical words of Lawrence’s book Seven Pillars of Wisdom. However, S.F. Newcombe´s untold story is there to be told. IN THE SHADOW OF THE CRESCENT is a story of extraordinary exploits and courage, coupled with Newcombe's own legendary and inexhaustible supply of energy and of remarkable adventures under the very noses of the Ottoman authorities – full of danger, intrigue and perhaps more surprisingly, of romance during Newcombe's captivity in Turkey.

Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Mena Garland 1919 - 2013

Mena Garland on her 90th birthday

I have received news that Major Herbert Garland's daughter Mena Garland (married surname O'Connor) passed away in Newport, Rhode Island, at 4am on Saturday morning aged 93.

Mena was Herbert's sixth child and was born in Cairo on 17 November 1919 during his brief tenure as the Director of the Arab Bureau and editor of the final issues of the Arab Bulletin. See: Bimbashi (Major) Herbert Garland's story in An Oriental Assembly

After long periods of ill-health brought on by the rigours of desert warfare Herbert Garland died from an aortic aneurism less than sixteen months after Mena was born, leaving scant record of the circumstances of his death. Remarkably, it took his daughter more than 80 years to discover her father's final resting place in an unmarked grave in the English town of Gravesend on the south bank of the Thames. Today that grave has the following inscription: “LOST BUT FOUND IN 2004”, a poignant reminder of the long journey taken by Mena to find the father she barely knew but who she wished to restore to his rightful place in the history of the desert campaigns of the First World War alongside Stewart Newcombe and T.E. Lawrence. It was a journey that ultimately helped reconnect the various strands of Herbert's family and renew worldwide interest in the career of the man recently called Lawrence's brother-in-arms.

Bimbashi Herbert Garland

Regrettably, Mena was unable to read my entry on Herbert Garland for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography which is due to be published later this year, but she always showed a deep interest and appreciation of the entries in this blog that mentioned his exploits.

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BEYOND ARABIA

Colonel Stewart Francis Newcombe of the Royal Engineers was already a legend in the deserts of Arabia before he was joined in Cairo during the early months of the First World War by a group of extraordinary specialists in Middle Eastern affairs. One member of this group was T.E. Lawrence who went on to achieve worldwide fame. Newcombe's story, like those of other unsung figures in the Anglo-Arabian panoply, has been eclipsed by the legend of ´Lawrence of Arabia´, and has languished in the dusty recesses of regimental records, government files or in the elliptical words of Lawrence’s book Seven Pillars of Wisdom. However, Newcombe´s untold story is there to be told. It is a story of extraordinary exploits and courage, coupled with his own legendary and inexhaustible supply of energy. Lawrence was later to describe him in Seven Pillars: 'Newcombe is like fire,' they (the Arabs) used to complain; ‘he burns friend and enemy’.

It is as a loyal friend to Lawrence – a loyalty that remained steadfast to the end – that Newcombe is best remembered. But his own story is one of remarkable adventures under the very noses of the Ottoman authorities – full of danger, intrigue and perhaps more surprisingly, of romance during Newcombe's captivity in Turkey. His post-war work for the Boundary Commission in Palestine and his efforts at securing a lasting peace for his friends in the region have gone largely unrecorded or mis-represented. The aim of this biography is to set that record straight and to help restore Newcombe to his rightful place - recognised among those who played an important part in the Great War during the Palestine campaigns and as someone who made a significant contribution to the peace negotiations with Turkey while under cover in Constantinople. Later, his post-war work helped shape the history and politics of the modern Middle East through his work with the Boundary Commission and his life-long friendship with many of the key personalities within the Arab and Jewish communities. Above all, he should be remembered as someone who contributed to the legends of Arabian exploration through exhaustive survey work in Sinai and Palestine, mapping the past as well as the future.

BEYOND ARABIA is in preparation.

WILLIAM ROBERTS R.A.

William Roberts (5 June 1895 - 20 January 1980) was an English painter and war artist. He was a founder member of the influential Vorticist group, a powerful recorder of the front-line battles of the First World War, and a unique observer of the foibles and activities of Britain at leisure over almost fifty years. In 1922–6 he was commissioned to produce illustrations and decorations for Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom including this pencil drawing of S.F. Newcombe.

This from William Roberts, Five Posthumous Essays and Other Writings (Valencia, 1990).

"In 1920 Colin Gill, who had been a fellow-student at the Slade, sent me a note saying 'Colonel Lawrence is seeking artists to make portrait drawings for a book he is producing; get in touch with him.' I wrote to Lawrence and as a result I contributed several portrait drawings to 'Seven Pillars of Wisdom,' besides a painting of Lawrence in his Royal Air Force uniform. He sat for this portrait in a room I was using at Coleherne Terrace, Earl's Court. Sometimes if I was late for our meeting I found him sitting on the dark stairs that led to my temporary studio. He lent me during several Summers his small woodman's cottage at Clouds Hill in Dorset."

John Mansfield CREALOCK, R.H.A., 1871-1959

This fabulous oil painting by the artist John Crealock was painted in 1938 when Newcombe was aged sixty and working on proposals for what may be called a bi-nation state in Palestine, with limited and controlled immigration and absorption of Jews according to the physical and economic capacity of the country. Newcombe argued and lobbied this position to whoever in authority would listen. He set up committees to counter-balance the Zionist message, gaining access to high level ministers of state including the Prime Minister. He submitted his evidence to the Palestine Royal Commission, invited guests sympathetic to the cause to the Royal Central Asian Society Dinner Club, of which he was Honorary Secretary, and wrote articles for magazines and periodicals such as The Empire Review under the auspices of the Palestine Information Centre, where he also held the post of Honorary Secretary.

For more information on the artist, please see the blog entry 18 November 2011 entitled, ‘Recently discovered oil painting of Colonel S.F. Newcombe.’

Lawrence and staff at Aqaba

AQABA: Lawrence and his colleagues set up quite decent camping arrangements. With a Persian carpet at its hearth entrance this tent was equipped with beds and rudimentary washing facilities. The guy-lines of the tent were secured with pegs and with the additional weight of a sand bag at each corner, evidence that the weather in the desert could whip up quite a strong wind. Lawrence’s tent also possessed a gramophone player which was put outside on a tall table during the regular gatherings with fellow British officers. A box of records kept the men entertained and one or two pets were introduced for added distraction. Major Scott, base commander at Aqaba, holds a terrier name "Robert". Captain Goslett strokes a saluki named "Shorter".

CHRONOLOGY: Part One

S.F. Newcombe (1878 - 1956)

9 July 1878 - Born at Brecon, Wales.

1886 - Newcombe's father, Edward, dies and he is sent to board at Christ's Hospital School with younger brother Harley.

1893 - Attended Felstead School.

1896 - Enters the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as a Gentleman Cadet. Awarded the Sword of Honoue at the RMA.

1898 - Commissioned into the Royal Engineers at Chatham.

1900 - Joins the 29th Fortress Company at Cape Town, South Africa.

1901 - Joins the Egyptian Army and posted to Sudan. Reconnoitered route for proposed railway east and west of the Nile.

Queen Victoria dies on 22 January.

1907 - Journeyed to upper waters of the Nile to recon and discuss with Belgians possible rail route from Lado Enclave to Belgian Congo.

1909 - Sends secret report on Alexandretta and Baghdad Railway to the War Office.

1911 - Preliminary survey of railway from Abyssinia to Khatoum.

Leaves Egyptian Army. Short spell in the War Office.

1912 - Longmoor Military Railway Training Camp.

1913 - Begins surveys in area of Beersheba, Palestine.

1914 - Surveys in South West Palestine south to Egyptian border. For six weeks he and his men are accompanied by C.L. Woolley and T.E. Lawrence, two archaeologists from the British Museum. Addresses the 49th Annual Meeting of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Outbeak of World War 1.

August 1914 - At Compiegne during the retreat from Mons. Successfully blows up the bridge.

Recalled from France he travels with T.E. Lawrence from Marseilles to Alexandria and then onto Cairo by train.

1915 - Appointed as Commander in the 2nd Australian Division Royal Engineers during the Dardenelles campaign.

1916 - Awarded DSO for rescue attempt in a tunnelling operation.

Returns to the Western Front and distinguishes himself during the battle for Pozieres Ridge.

Sherif Hussein of Mecca launches the Arab Revolt.

1917 - Joins T.E. Lawrence in the Hejaz as head of the Military Mission. Commences raids against the Hejaz Railway.

In late October he takes command of a small mobile force and initiates a raid behind enemy lines during the Third Battle of Gaza. His force is overwhelmed and he and his men are taken into captivity.

1918 - Escaped from prison camp at Brusa with assistance from Elizabeth Chaki. Returns to Constantinople to help broker peace negotiations with the Turks.

11 November 1918 - The Armistice comes into effect.

1919 - Briefly joins Lawrence at the Paris Peace Conference.

15 April 1919 - Marries Elizabeth (Elsie) Chaki in the Registry Office at Henrietta Street, Covent Garden and the following day is blessed in a religious service in St. Margaret's in the grounds of Westminster Abbey.

In the Shadow of the Crescent

INTRODUCTION

Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Mena Garland 1919 - 2013

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Beyond Arabia, Oxford

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NEWCOMBE, ARABIA, 1917

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WILLIAM ROBERTS R.A.

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John Mansfield CREALOCK, R.H.A., 1871-1959

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Lawrence and staff at Aqaba

CHRONOLOGY: Part One

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